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1 Laboratory of Statistics, Osaka City University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan 5 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan 6 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 7 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan 8 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saitama Medical School. Saitama, Japan 9 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan 10 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan 11 Department of Orthopaedics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan 12 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hoshigaoka Koseinenkin Hospital, Osaka, Japan 13 National Hospital Organization, Osaka-Minami Medical Center, Osaka, Japan 14 Department of Internal Medicine, Houai Hospital, Osaka, Japan 15 Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan